搞懂海牙认证，赴华少走弯路！
Understand Hague Apostille to avoid detours when traveling to China!
一、海牙认证是什么？What is Hague Apostille?
海牙认证（Apostille）是根据1961年《海牙关于取消外国公文认证要求的公约》规定的一种国际认证方式。它的主要目的是简化跨境公文认证流程，使公文在签署国以外的其他海牙公约成员国中获得承认和接受。
The Hague Apostille is an international authentication method stipulated in the 1961 Hague Convention Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents. Its main purpose is to simplify the cross - border public document authentication process, enabling public documents to be recognized and accepted in other member states of the Hague Convention outside the signatory state.
核心作用：海牙认证并非对文件内容本身的真伪进行认证，而是对原认证的签发人（通常是公证处或国际公证人）进行二次认证，证明其资质和签字盖章的真实性，从而使文件在其他海牙成员国具有法律效力。
Core function: Hague Apostille does not authenticate the authenticity of the content of the document itself. Instead, it conducts a secondary authentication of the issuer of the original certification (usually a notary public office or an international notary), verifying the authenticity of their qualifications, signature, and seal, so that the document has legal effect in other Hague member states.
重要提示：中国已于2023年11月7日正式加入《海牙公约》。这意味着，来自其他海牙成员国的文件，只需办理海牙认证即可在中国使用，无需再进行传统的领事认证，这大大简化了流程，缩短了时间。
Important reminder: China officially acceded to the Hague Convention on November 7, 2023. This means that documents from other Hague member states only need to undergo Hague legalization to be used in China, eliminating the need for traditional consular legalization. This significantly simplifies the process and shortens the time required.
二、外国人来华办理签证哪些证件需要认证？
What documents need to be authenticated for foreigners applying for visas to come to China?
外国人来华办理各类签证（如工作签证、人才引进、永居等）或在国内办理其他事务时，根据目的不同，通常需要对一些海外签发的文件进行认证（海牙认证或领事认证）。以下是一些常见需要认证的文件类型：
When foreigners come to China to apply for various visas (such as work visas, talent introduction, permanent residence, etc.) or handle other affairs in China, depending on the purpose, they usually need to authenticate some documents issued overseas (Hague authentication or consular authentication). The following are some common types of documents that need to be authenticated:
| 文件类别 | 具体文件示例 | 常见用途 |
|---|---|---|
| 个人身份证明 | 护照、绿卡（永久居民卡） | 身份核验、长期居留申请等 |
| 个人证件类 | 结婚证、出生证、无犯罪记录证明、法庭离婚判决、死亡证明、单身证明 | 申请签证、工作许可、移民、户口迁移、配偶工作安置、亲属关系认定、继承财产等 |
| 学历资格类 | 学历证书、成绩单、学位证明、职业资格证书 | 申请来华留学、求职、工作许可、职业资格认定等 |
| 商业文件类 | 公司注册证书、营业执照、公司章程、商业合同、授权书、声明书 | 在华设立分公司、商业合作、跨境交易、法律诉讼等 |
请注意：Please note:
*无犯罪记录证明（Police Clearance Certificate）通常是申请工作签证、长期居留许可或永久居留权时的必需文件。
A Police Clearance Certificate is usually a required document when applying for a work visa, long-term residence permit or permanent residency.
*一些文件如无犯罪记录证明、结婚证等，通常有有效期要求（例如近半年内出具），而出生证等的认证件一般是永久有效的。
Some documents, such as certificates of no criminal record and marriage certificates, usually have validity requirements (for example, issued within the past six months), while certified copies of birth certificates and others are generally valid permanently.
*具体需要认证哪些文件，最终应以国内相关受理部门（如出入境管理局、教育部、工商部门等）的要求为准。建议在办理前务必向相关部门或专业机构咨询确认。
Specifically, which documents need to be authenticated shall ultimately be subject to the requirements of relevant domestic acceptance departments (such as the Exit-Entry Administration Bureau, the Ministry of Education, the industry and commerce department, etc.). It is recommended to consult and confirm with relevant departments or professional institutions before handling.
三、哪些国籍可以做海牙认证？
Which nationalities can undergo Hague Apostille?
海牙认证适用于海牙公约成员国的公民。截至2025年2月，海牙公约缔约国共有126个（包括新加入的孟加拉国，预计于2025年3月生效）。
The Hague Apostille applies to citizens of member states of the Hague Convention. As of February 2025, there are 126 contracting states to the Hague Convention (including the newly added Bangladesh, which is expected to come into effect in March 2025).
主要的成员国和地区包括：亚洲：日本、韩国、以色列、印度（注：印度对中国加入《公约》提出异议，《公约》在中国与印度之间不生效）、新加坡、哈萨克斯坦等。
欧洲：英国、法国、德国、意大利、西班牙、葡萄牙、荷兰、比利时、爱尔兰、瑞士、瑞典、挪威及所有欧盟成员国等。
北美洲：美国、加拿大、墨西哥。大洋洲：澳大利亚、新西兰。
南美洲：巴西、阿根廷、智利、哥伦比亚等。非洲：南非、埃及、摩洛哥等。The main member states and regions include:Asia: Japan, South Korea, Israel, India (Note: India has raised objections to China's accession to the Convention, and the Convention is not in force between China and India), Singapore, Kazakhstan, etc.Europe: the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, and all EU member states, etc.North America: the United States, Canada, Mexico.Oceania: Australia, New Zealand.South America: Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, etc.Africa: South Africa, Egypt, Morocco, etc.
重要提示：
Important notice:文件通常需要在其签发国办理海牙认证，而不能跨地区申请（例如，美国出具的文件应在美国办理海牙认证）。
Documents usually need to be apostilled in the country of issuance and cannot be applied for across regions. (For example, documents issued in the United States should be apostilled in the United States.)
对于非海牙公约成员国（例如一些非洲、中东或东南亚国家）出具的文件，若需在中国使用，一般仍需办理传统的领事认证流程（即先经过该国外交部认证，再送至中国驻当地使领馆认证）。
For documents issued by countries that are not members of the Hague Convention (such as some African, Middle Eastern or Southeast Asian countries), if they need to be used in China, the traditional consular authentication process generally still needs to be carried out (that is, first authenticated by the foreign ministry of that country, and then sent to the Chinese embassy or consulate in the local area for authentication).
中国内地已于2023年加入公约，而中国的香港和澳门特别行政区早已是海牙公约成员。
The Chinese mainland joined the convention in 2023, while the Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions of China have long been members of the Hague Convention.
四、海牙认证的注意事项
Precautions for Hague Apostille1.
中国不承认海牙认证的特殊情形：即使在成员国范围内，中国在以下几种情况下可能不承认海牙认证：
Special circumstances where China does not recognize Hague Apostille: Even within the member states, China may not recognize Hague Apostille in the following situations:
*与非缔约国的关系：中国与其不承认具有主权国家地位的《海牙认证公约》成员间不适用《海牙认证公约》。
Relations with non - contracting states: The Hague Apostille Convention does not apply between China and members of the Hague Apostille Convention whose status as a sovereign state is not recognized by China.
*异议国家：如果某个《海牙认证公约》成员国对中国提出了异议（例如印度），那么中国对该成员国的认证书可能不予承认。
Countries with objections: If a member state of the Hague Apostille Convention raises objections to China (such as India), then China may not recognize the apostilles of that member state.
*文件类型限制：《海牙认证公约》不适用于外交或领事人员制作的文书，以及直接处理商业或海关运作的行政文书。
Document type restrictions: The Hague Apostille Convention does not apply to documents made by diplomatic or consular personnel, as well as administrative documents directly dealing with commercial or customs operations.
*认证流程不符合要求、与国内法律法规冲突或文件真实性无法确认时，中国也可能不承认该认证书。
When the certification process does not meet the requirements, conflicts with domestic laws and regulations, or the authenticity of the document cannot be confirmed, China may also not recognize the certification.
2. 海牙认证的流程（一般步骤，具体因国家而异）：
The process of Hague Apostille(General steps, which may vary by country):
*准备文件：确保文件真实有效。
Prepare files: Ensure that the files are authentic and valid.
*文件公证：首先需由当地公证机构（如公证处或律师事务所）对文件进行公证。
Document notarization: First, the document needs to be notarized by a local notary institution (such as a notary office or a law firm).
*海牙认证：将公证后的文件提交给所在国家或地区指定的海牙认证主管机构（通常是外交部、外事办公室或最高法院等）进行认证。该机构会审核并加盖海牙认证章或贴签。
Hague Authentication: Submit the notarized document to the designated Hague Authentication competent authority in the country or region (usually the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Affairs Office, Supreme Court, etc.) for authentication. The authority will review and affix the Hague Authentication stamp or label.
*领取认证文件：完成认证后，文件即可在其他海牙成员国使用。
Collect the certified documents.: After completing the certification, the documents can be used in other Hague member states.
3.办理时间与费用：
Handling time and fees
*时间：加入海牙公约后，认证时间大幅缩短，通常需要5-10个工作日。
Time: After joining the Hague Convention, the authentication time has been significantly shortened, usually taking5 - 10 working days.
*费用：主要包括公证费和海牙认证主管机构收取的费用，各国标准不同。
Costs: It mainly includes notarization fees and the fees charged by the competent authorities for Hague Apostille. The standards vary from country to country.
最后提醒：Final reminder
由于政策可能发生变化，且具体办理要求因文件类型、使用目的和原籍国而异，在办理任何认证之前，强烈建议你通过中国国家移民管理局官方网站、目的地国家的海牙认证主管机构或中国驻当地使领馆的官方渠道，查询最新、最准确的信息。如果你觉得流程复杂或担心出错，也可以考虑咨询专业的法律或签证服务机构，他们能提供更具体的指导和帮助。
As policies may change, and specific application requirements vary depending on the document type, purpose of use, and country of origin, it is highly recommended that you check the latest and most accurate information through the official website of the National Immigration Administration of China, the competent authority for Hague Apostille in the destination country, or the official channels of the Chinese embassies or consulates in the local area before applying for any certification. If you find the process complicated or are worried about making mistakes, you may also consider consulting professional legal or visa service agencies, which can provide more specific guidance and assistance.